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+<html><head>
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
+ <title>Grammar of JSON Queries</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.74.3-pre"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="d0e1"></a>Grammar of JSON Queries</h2></div></div><hr></div><p>
+ <span class="author"><span class="firstname">Scott</span> <span class="surname">McKellar</span></span>
+ </p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e19"></a>Introduction</h3></div></div></div><p> The format of this grammar approximates Extended Backus-Naur notation. However it is
+ intended as input to human beings, not to parser generators such as Lex or Yacc. Do not
+ expect formal rigor. Sometimes narrative text will explain things that are clumsy to
+ express in formal notation. More often, the text will restate or summarize the formal
+ productions. </p><p> Conventions: </p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>The grammar is a series of productions.</p></li><li><p>A production consists of a name, followed by "::=", followed by a definition
+ for the name. The name identifies a grammatical construct that can appear on the
+ right side of another production.</p></li><li><p>Literals (including punctuation) are enclosed in 'single quotes', or in
+ "double quotes" if case is not significant.</p></li><li><p>A single quotation mark within a literal is escaped with a preceding
+ backslash: 'dog\'s tail'.</p></li><li><p>If a construct can be defined more than one way, then the alternatives may
+ appear in separate productions; or, they may appear in the same production,
+ separated by pipe symbols. The choice between these representations is of only
+ cosmetic significance.</p></li><li><p>A construct enclosed within square brackets is optional.</p></li><li><p>A construct enclosed within curly braces may be repeated zero or more
+ times.</p></li><li><p>JSON allows arbitrary white space between tokens. To avoid ugly clutter, this
+ grammar ignores the optional white space. </p></li><li><p>In many cases a production defines a JSON object, i.e. a list of name-value
+ pairs, separated by commas. Since the order of these name/value pairs is not
+ significant, the grammar will not try to show all the possible sequences. In
+ general it will present the required pairs first, if any, followed by any
+ optional elements.</p></li></ol></div><p> Since both EBNF and JSON use curly braces and square brackets, pay close attention to
+ whether these characters are in single quotes. If they're in single quotes, they are
+ literal elements of the JSON notation. Otherwise they are elements of the EBNF notation.
+ </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e56"></a>Primitives</h3></div></div></div><p> We'll start by defining some primitives, to get them out of the way. They're mostly
+ just what you would expect. </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[1]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.string"></a> string </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '"' chars '"' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[2]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.chars"></a> chars </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> any valid sequence of UTF-8 characters, with certain special characters
+ escaped according to JSON rules </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[3]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.integer_literal"></a> integer_literal </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> [ sign ] digit { digit } </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[4]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.sign"></a> sign </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '+' | '-' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[5]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.digit"></a> digit </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%">digit = '0' | '1' | '2' | '3' | '4' | '5' | '6' | '7' | '8' | '9'</td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[6]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.integer_string"></a> integer_string </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '"' integer_literal '"' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[7]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.integer"></a> integer </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> integer_literal | integer_string </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[8]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.number"></a> number </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> any valid character sequence that is numeric according to JSON rules </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> When json_query requires an integral value, it will usually accept a quoted string
+ and convert it to an integer by brute force – to zero if necessary. Likewise it may
+ truncate a floating point number to an integral value. Scientific notation will be
+ accepted but may not give the intended results. </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[9]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.boolean"></a> boolean </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> 'true' | 'false' | string | number </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> The preferred way to encode a boolean is with the JSON reserved word true or false,
+ in lower case without quotation marks. The string <code class="literal">true</code>, in upper,
+ lower, or mixed case, is another way to encode true. Any other string evaluates to
+ false. </p><p> As an accommodation to perl, numbers may be used as booleans. A numeric value of 1
+ means true, and any other numeric value means false. </p><p> Any other valid JSON value, such as an array, will be accepted as a boolean but
+ interpreted as false. </p><p> The last couple of primitives aren't really very primitive, but we introduce them
+ here for convenience: </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[10]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.class_name"></a> class_name </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> string </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> A class_name is a special case of a string: the name of a class as defined by the
+ IDL. The class may refer either to a database table or to a source_definition, which is
+ a subquery. </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[11]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.field_name"></a> field_name </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> string </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> A field_name is another special case of a string: the name of a non-virtual field as
+ defined by the IDL. A field_name is also a column name for the table corresponding to
+ the relevant class. </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e185"></a>Query</h3></div></div></div><p> The following production applies not only to the main query but also to most
+ subqueries. </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[12]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.query"></a> query </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '{'<br> '"from"' ':' from_list<br> [ ',' '"select"' ':' select_list
+ ]<br> [ ',' '"where"' ':' where_condition ]<br> [ ',' '"having"' ':'
+ where_condition ]<br> [ ',' '"order_by"' ':' order_by_list ]<br> [ ','
+ '"limit"' ':' integer ]<br> [ ',' '"offset"' ':' integer ]<br> [ ','
+ '"distinct"' ':' boolean ]<br> [ ',' '"no_i18n"' ':' boolean ]<br> '}'
+ </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> Except for the <code class="literal">"distinct"</code> and <code class="literal">no_i18n</code> entries,
+ each name/value pair represents a major clause of the SELECT statement. The name/value
+ pairs may appear in any order. </p><p> There is no name/value pair for the GROUP BY clause, because json_query generates it
+ automatically according to information encoded elsewhere. </p><p> The <code class="literal">"distinct"</code> entry, if present and true, tells json_query that
+ it may have to create a GROUP BY clause. If not present, it defaults to false. </p><p> The <code class="literal">"no_i18n"</code> entry, if present and true, tells json_query to
+ suppress internationalization. If not present, it defaults to false. (Note that
+ <code class="literal">"no_i18n"</code> contains the digit one, not the letter ell.) </p><p> The values for <code class="literal">limit</code> and <code class="literal">offset</code> provide the
+ arguments of the LIMIT and OFFSET clauses, respectively, of the SQL statement. Each
+ value should be non-negative, if present, or else the SQL won't work. </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e252"></a>FROM Clause</h3></div></div></div><p>
+ The object identified by <code class="literal">“from”</code> encodes the FROM clause of
+ the SQL. The associated value may be a string, an array, or a JSON object.
+ </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[13]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.from_list_0"></a> from_list </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> class_name </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p>
+ If <code class="literal">from_list</code> is a <code class="literal">class_name</code>, the
+ json_query inserts the corresponding table name or subquery into the FROM
+ clause, using the <code class="literal">class_name</code> as an alias for the table
+ or subquery. The class must be defined as non-virtual in the IDL.
+ </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[14]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.from_list_1"></a> from_list </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '[' string { ',' parameter } ']' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[15]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.parameter"></a> parameter </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> string | number | 'null' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p>
+ If from_list is a JSON array, then it represents a table-like function from
+ which the SQL statement will select rows, using a SELECT clause consisting
+ of “SELECT *” (regardless of the select_list supplied by the method parameter).
+ </p><p>
+ The first entry in the array is the name of the function. It must be a string
+ naming a stored function. Each subsequent entry is a function parameter. If
+ it is a string or a number, json_query will insert it into a comma-separated
+ parameter list, enclosed in quotes, with any special characters escaped as needed.
+ If it is the JSON reserved word <code class="literal">null</code>, json_query will insert
+ it into the parameter list as a null value.
+ </p><p>
+ If <code class="literal">from_list</code> is a JSON object, it must contain exactly one entry.
+ The key of this entry must be the name of a non-virtual class defined in the IDL.
+ This class will be the top-level class of the FROM clause, the only one named
+ outside of a JOIN clause.
+ </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[16]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.from_list_2"></a> from_list </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '{' class_name ':' join_list '}' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[17]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.join_list_0"></a> join_list </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> class_name </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[18]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.join_list_1"></a> join_list </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '{' join_def { ',' join_def } '}' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p>
+ If the associated data is a <code class="literal">class_name</code>, json_query will
+ construct an INNER JOIN clause joining the class to the top-level clause,
+ using the columns specified by the IDL for such a join.
+ </p><p>
+ Otherwise, the associated data must be a JSON object with one or more entries,
+ each entry defining a join:
+ </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[19]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.join_def"></a> join_def </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%">
+ class_name ':'<br>
+ '{'<br>
+ [ '”type”' ':' string ]<br>
+ [ '”field”' ':' field_name ]<br>
+ [ '”fkey”' ':' field_name ]<br>
+ [ '”filter”' ':' where_condition ]<br>
+ [ '”filter_op”' ':' string ]<br>
+ [ '”join”' ':' join_list ]<br>
+ '}'
+ </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p>
+ The data portion of the <code class="literal">“join_type”</code> entry tells json_query
+ whether to use a left join, right join, full join, or inner join. The values
+ <code class="literal">“left”</code>, <code class="literal">“right”</code>, and <code class="literal">“full”</code>,
+ in upper, lower, or mixed case, have the obvious meanings. If the
+ <code class="literal">“join_type”</code> entry has any other value, or is not present,
+ json_query constructs an inner join.
+ </p><p>
+ The <code class="literal">“field”</code> and <code class="literal">“fkey”</code> attributes specify the
+ columns to be equated in the join condition. The <code class="literal">“field”</code>
+ attribute refers to the column in the joined table, i.e. the one named by the
+ <code class="literal">join_def</code>. The <code class="literal">“fkey”</code> attribute refers to the
+ corresponding column in the other table, i.e. the one named outside the
+ <code class="literal">join_def</code> – either the top-level table or a table named by some
+ other <code class="literal">join_def</code>.
+ </p><p>
+ It may be tempting to suppose that <code class="literal">“fkey”</code> stands for “foreign key”,
+ and therefore refers to a column in the child table that points to the key of a
+ parent table. Resist the temptation; the labels are arbitrary. The json_query
+ method doesn't care which table is the parent and which is the child.
+ </p><p>
+ These relationships are best explained with an example. The following
+ <code class="literal">from_list</code>:
+ </p><div class="informalexample"><pre class="programlisting">
+ {
+ "aou": {
+ "asv": {
+ "type" : "left",
+ "fkey" : "id",
+ "field" : "owner"
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ </pre></div><p>
+ ...turns into the following FROM clause:
+ </p><div class="informalexample"><pre class="programlisting">
+ FROM
+ actor.org_unit AS "aou"
+ LEFT JOIN action.survey AS "asv"
+ ON ( "asv".owner = "aou".id )
+ </pre></div><p>
+ Note in this example that <code class="literal">“fkey”</code> refers to a column of the
+ class <code class="literal">“aou”</code>, and <code class="literal">“field”</code> refers to a
+ column of the class <code class="literal">“asv”</code>.
+ </p><p>
+ If you specify only one of the two columns, json_query will try to identify the
+ other one from the IDL. However, if you specify only the column from the parent
+ table, this attempt will probably fail.
+ </p><p>
+ If you specify both columns, json_query will use the column names you specify,
+ without verifying them with a lookup in the IDL. By this means you can perform
+ a join using a linkage that the IDL doesn't define. Of course, if the columns
+ don't exist in the database, the query will fail when json_query tries to execute it.
+ </p><p>
+ Using the columns specified, either explicitly or implicitly, the json_query
+ method constructs a join condition. With raw SQL it is possible (though
+ rarely useful) to join two tables by an inequality. However the json_query
+ method always uses a simple equality condition.
+ </p><p>
+ Using a <code class="literal">“filter”</code> entry in the join_def, you can apply one
+ or more additional conditions to the JOIN clause, typically to restrict the
+ join to certain rows of the joined table. The data associated with the
+ <code class="literal">“filter”</code> key is the same sort of
+ <code class="literal">where_condition</code> that you use for a WHERE clause
+ (discussed below).
+ </p><p>
+ If the string associated with the <code class="literal">“filter_op”</code> entry is
+ <code class="literal">“OR”</code> in upper, lower, or mixed case, then the json_query
+ method uses OR to connect the standard join condition to any additional
+ conditions supplied by a <code class="literal">“filter”</code> entry.
+ </p><p>
+ (Note that if the <code class="literal">where_condition</code> supplies multiple
+ conditions, they will be connected by AND. You will probably want to move
+ them down a layer – enclose them in parentheses, in effect – to avoid a
+ confusing mixture of ANDs and ORs.)
+ </p><p>
+ If the <code class="literal">“filter_op”</code> entry carries any other value, or if
+ it is absent, then the json_query method uses AND. In the absence of a
+ <code class="literal">“filter”</code> entry, <code class="literal">“filter_op”</code> has no effect.
+ </p><p>
+ A <code class="literal">“join”</code> entry in a <code class="literal">join_def</code> specifies
+ another layer of join. The class named in the subjoin is joined to the class
+ named by the <code class="literal">join_def</code> to which it is subordinate. By this
+ means you can encode multiple joins in a hierarchy.
+ </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e504"></a>SELECT Clause</h3></div></div></div><p>
+ If a query does not contain an entry for <code class="literal">“select”</code>, json_query
+ will construct a default SELECT clause. The default includes every non-virtual
+ field from the top-level class of the FROM clause, as defined by the IDL. The
+ result is similar to SELECT *, except:
+ </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>The default includes only the fields defined in the IDL.</p></li><li><p>The columns will appear in the same order in which they appear in the IDL,
+ regardless of the order in which the database defines them.</p></li></ul></div><p>
+ There are other ways to specify a default SELECT list, as shown below.
+ </p><p>
+ If a <code class="literal">"select"</code> entry is present, the associated value must
+ be a JSON object, keyed on class names:
+ </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[20]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.select_list"></a> select_list </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '{' class_name ':' field_list { ',' class_name ':' field_list } '}' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p>
+ The <code class="literal">class_name</code> must identify either the top-level class or
+ a class belonging to one of the joins. Otherwise json_query will silently
+ ignore the <code class="literal">select_list</code>.
+ </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[21]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.field_list_0"></a> field_list </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> 'null' | '”*”' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p>
+ If a field_list is either the JSON reserved word <code class="literal">null</code>
+ (in lower case) or an asterisk in double quotes, json_query constructs a
+ default SELECT list – provided that the class is the top-level class of the
+ query. If the class belongs to a join somewhere, json_query ignores the
+ <code class="literal">field_list</code>.
+ </p><p>
+ More commonly, the <code class="literal">field_list</code> is a JSON array of zero or
+ more field specifications:
+ </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[22]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.field_list_1"></a> field_list </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '[' [ field_spec { ',' field_spec } ] ']' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p>
+ If the array is empty, json_query will construct a default SELECT list for
+ the class – again, provided that the class is the top-level class in the query.
+ </p><p>
+ In the simplest case, a field specification may name a non-virtual field
+ defined in the IDL:
+ </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[23]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.field_spec_0"></a> field_spec </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> field_name </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p>
+ In some cases json_query constructs a call to the
+ <code class="literal">oils_i18n_xlate</code> function to internationalize the value of the
+ selected column. Specifically, it does so if all the following are true:
+ </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>the settings file defines a locale;</p></li><li><p>in the field definition for the field in the IDL, the tag
+ <code class="literal">“il8n”</code> is present and true;</p></li><li><p>the query does <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> include the
+ <code class="literal">"no_il8n"</code> tag (or includes it with a value of false).</p></li></ul></div><p>
+ A field specification may be a JSON object:
+ </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[24]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.field_spec_1"></a> field_spec </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%">
+ '{'<br>
+ '”column”' ':' <br>
+ [ ',' '”alias”' ':' string ]<br>
+ [ ',' '”aggregate”' ':' boolean ]<br>
+ [ ',' transform_spec ]<br>
+ '}'
+ </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p>
+ The <code class="literal">“column”</code> entry provides the column name, which must
+ be defined as non-virtual in the IDL.
+ </p><p>
+ The <code class="literal">“alias”</code> entry provides a column alias. If no alias
+ is specified, json_query uses the column name as its own alias.
+ </p><p>
+ The <code class="literal">“aggregate”</code> entry has no effect on the SELECT clause
+ itself. Rather, it affects the construction of a GROUP BY class. If there
+ is an <code class="literal">“aggregate”</code> entry for any field, then json_query builds
+ a GROUP BY clause listing every column that is <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> tagged
+ for aggregation (or that carries an <code class="literal">“aggregate”</code> entry with
+ a value of false). If <span class="emphasis"><em>all</em></span> columns are tagged for
+ aggregation, then json_query omits the GROUP BY clause.
+ </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[25]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.transform_spec_0"></a> transform_spec </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%">
+ '”transform”' ':' string ]<br>
+ [ ',' '”result_field” ':' string ]<br>
+ [ ',' '”params” ':' param_list ]
+ </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p>
+ When a <code class="literal">transform_spec</code> is present, json_query selects the
+ return value of a function instead of selecting the column directly. The entry
+ for <code class="literal">“transform”</code> provides the name of the function, and the
+ column name (as specified by the <code class="literal">“column”</code> tag), qualified by
+ the class name, is the argument to the function. For example, you might use such
+ a function to format a date or time, or otherwise transform a column value.
+ You might also use an aggregate function such as SUM, COUNT, or MAX (possibly
+ together with the <code class="literal">“aggregate”</code> tag).
+ </p><p>
+ The <code class="literal">“result_field”</code> entry, when present, specifies a subcolumn
+ of the function's return value. The resulting SQL encloses the function call
+ in parentheses, and follows it with a period and the subcolumn name.
+ </p><p>
+ The <code class="literal">“params”</code> entry, if present, provides a possibly empty
+ array of additional parameter values, either strings, numbers, or nulls:
+ </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[26]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.param_list"></a> param_list </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '[' [ parameter { ',' parameter } ] ']' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p>
+ Such parameter values are enclosed in single quotes, with any special characters
+ escaped as needed, and inserted after the column name as additional parameters
+ to the function. You might, for example, use an additional parameter to provide
+ a format string for a reformatting function.
+ </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e721"></a>WHERE Clause</h3></div></div></div><p> There are two types of <code class="literal">where_condition</code>: objects and arrays.
+ Of these, the object type is the more fundamental, and occurs at some level in every
+ <code class="literal">where_condition</code>. The array type is mainly a way of circumventing
+ a limitation of the object type. </p><p> The object type of <code class="literal">where_condition</code> is a comma-separated list
+ of one or more <code class="literal">conditions</code>: </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[27]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.where_condition_0"></a> where_condition </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '{' condition { ',' condition } '}' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> The generated SQL will include a code fragment for each <code class="literal">condition</code>,
+ joined by AND (or in some cases by OR, as described below). </p><p> As usual for entries in a JSON object, each <code class="literal">condition</code> consists
+ of a unique string to serve as a key, a colon, and an associated value. </p><p> The key string may be the name of a column belonging to the relevant table, or
+ it may be an operator string. In order to distinguish it from any possible column
+ name, an operator string always begins with a plus sign or minus sign. </p><p> JSON requires that every key string be unique within an object. This requirement
+ imposes some awkward limitations on a JSON query. For example, you might want to
+ express two conditions for the same column: id > 10 and id != 25. Since each of
+ those conditions would have the same key string, namely “id”, you can't put them
+ into the same JSON object. </p><p> The solution is to put such conflicting conditions in separate JSON objects, and
+ put the objects into an array: </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[28]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.where_condition_1"></a> where_condition </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '[' where_condition { ',' where_condition } ']' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> The resulting SQL encloses each subordinate set of <code class="literal">conditions</code>
+ in parentheses, and connects the sets with AND (or in some cases OR, as described
+ below). It's possible to put only a single <code class="literal">where_condition</code> in
+ the array; the result is to add a layer of parentheses around the condition. </p><p> There are two kinds of <code class="literal">condition</code> where the operator begins
+ with a plus sign. In the simpler case, the associated data is simply a column name:
+ </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[29]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.condition_0"></a> condition </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> plus_class ':' field_name </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> A <code class="literal">plus_class</code> is a string that begins with a plus sign.
+ The rest of the string, after the plus sign, must be the class name for the table
+ to which the column belongs. </p><p> If the column is a boolean, then the resulting SQL uses it (as qualified by the
+ class name) as a stand-alone condition. </p><p> Otherwise, this kind of syntax provides a way to place a column on the right side
+ of a comparison operator. For example: </p><div class="informalexample"><pre class="programlisting">
+ {
+ "from":"aou",
+ "select": { "aou":[ "id", "name" ] },
+ "where": {
+ "id": {
+ ">": { "+aou":"parent_ou" }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ </pre></div><p> The resulting SQL: </p><div class="informalexample"><pre class="programlisting">
+ SELECT
+ "aou".id AS "id",
+ "aou".name AS "name"
+ FROM
+ actor.org_unit AS "aou"
+ WHERE
+ (
+ "aou".id > ( "aou".parent_ou )
+ );
+ </pre></div><p> The other type of <code class="literal">condition</code> that uses a
+ <code class="literal">plus_class</code> applies a specified class name to a
+ <code class="literal">where_condition</code>: </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[30]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.condition_1"></a> condition </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> plus_class ':' where_condition </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> The resulting SQL is enclosed in parentheses, and qualifies the columns with
+ the specified class name. This syntax provides a mechanism to shift the class
+ context – i.e. to refer to one class in a context that would otherwise refer to
+ a different class. </p><p> Ordinarily the class name must be a valid non-virtual class defined in the IDL,
+ and applicable to the associated <code class="literal">where_condition</code>. There is at
+ least one peculiar exception. The JSON fragment: </p><div class="informalexample"><pre class="programlisting">
+ "+abc": { "+xyz":"frobozz" }
+ </pre></div><p> ...is rendered as: </p><div class="informalexample"><pre class="programlisting">
+ ( "xyz".frobozz )
+ </pre></div><p> ...even though neither <code class="literal">“abc”</code>, nor <code class="literal">“xyz”</code>,
+ nor <code class="literal">“frobozz”</code> is defined in the IDL. The class name
+ <code class="literal">“abc”</code> isn't used at all because the <code class="literal">“+xyz”</code>
+ operator overrides it. Such a query won't fail until json_query tries
+ to execute it in the database. </p><p> The other operators that may occur at this level all begin with a minus sign,
+ and they all represent familiar SQL operators. For example, the
+ <code class="literal">“-or”</code> operator joins the conditions within a
+ <code class="literal">where_condition</code> by OR (instead of the default AND), and
+ encloses them all in parentheses: </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[31]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.condition_2"></a> condition </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '”-or”' ':' where_condition </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> In fact the <code class="literal">“-or”</code> operator is the only way to get OR into
+ the WHERE clause. </p><p> The <code class="literal">“-and”</code> operator is similar, except that it uses AND: </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[32]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.condition_3"></a> condition </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '”-and”' ':' where_condition </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> Arguably the <code class="literal">“-and”</code> operator is redundant, because you can
+ get the same effect by wrapping the subordinate <code class="literal">where_condition</code>
+ in a JSON array. Either technique merely adds a layer of parentheses, since AND
+ connects successive conditions by default. </p><p> The <code class="literal">“-not”</code> operator expands the subordinate
+ <code class="literal">where_condition</code> within parentheses, and prefaces the result
+ with NOT: </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[33]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.condition_4"></a> condition </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '”-not”' ':' where_condition </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> The <code class="literal">“-exists”</code> or <code class="literal">“-not-exists”</code> operator
+ constructs a subquery within an EXISTS or NOT EXISTS clause, respectively: </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[34]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.condition_5"></a> condition </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '”-exists”' ':' query </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[35]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.condition_6"></a> condition </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '”-not-exists”' ':' query </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> The remaining kinds of <code class="literal">condition</code> all have a
+ <code class="literal">field_name</code> on the left and some kind of <code class="literal">predicate</code>
+ on the right. A <code class="literal">predicate</code> places a constraint on the value of
+ the column – or, in some cases, on the value of the column as transformed by some
+ function call: </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[36]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.condition_7"></a> condition </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> field_name ':' predicate </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> The simplest such constraint is to require that the column have a specific value,
+ or be null: </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[37]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.predicate_0"></a> predicate </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> lit_value | 'null' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[38]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.lit_value"></a> lit_value </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> string | number </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> You can also compare a column to a literal value using some kind of inequality.
+ However it's a bit more complicated because you have to specify what kind of comparison
+ to make: </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[39]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.compare_op_0"></a> predicate </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '{' compare_op ':' lit_value '}' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[40]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.compare_op_1"></a> compare_op </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> string </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> A <code class="literal">compare_op</code> is a string that defines a comparison operator.
+ Valid values include the following: </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ = <> !=
+ < > <= >=
+ ~ ~* !~ !~*
+ like ilike
+ similar to
+ </pre><p> Strictly speaking, json_query accepts any <code class="literal">compare_op</code>
+ that doesn't contain semicolons or white space (or
+ <code class="literal">“similar to”</code> as a special exception). As a result, it
+ is possible – and potentially useful – to use a custom operator like
+ <code class="literal">“>100*”</code> in order to insert an expression that would
+ otherwise be difficult or impossible to create through a JSON query. The ban
+ on semicolons and white space prevents certain kinds of SQL injection. </p><p> Note that json_query does <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> accept two operators that
+ PostgreSQL <span class="emphasis"><em>does</em></span> accept: <code class="literal">“is distinct from”</code>
+ and <code class="literal">“is not distinct from”</code>. </p><p> You can also compare a column to a null value: </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[41]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.predicate_1"></a> predicate </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '{' compare_op ':' 'null' '}' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> The equality operator <code class="literal">“=”</code> turns into IS NULL. Any other
+ operator turns into IS NOT NULL. </p><p> When a <code class="literal">compare_op</code> is paired with an array, it defines a
+ function call: </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[42]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.predicate_2"></a> predicate </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '{' compare_op ':' '[' string { ',' parameter } ']' '}' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> The first entry in the array is the function's name. Subsequent entries in
+ the array, if any, represent the parameters of the function call. They may be
+ strings, numbers, or nulls. In the generated SQL, the function call appears on
+ the right of the comparison. </p><p> The <code class="literal">“between”</code> operator creates a BETWEEN clause: </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[43]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.predicate_3"></a> predicate </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '{' “between” ':' '[' lit_value ',' lit_value ']' '}' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> Although PostgreSQL allows a null value in a BETWEEN clause, json_query
+ requires literal non-null values. It isn't sensible to use null values in a
+ BETWEEN clause. A few experiments show that the results of the comparison are
+ peculiar and erratic. </p><p> There are two ways to create an IN list of allowed values. The simplest is
+ to put literal values into a JSON array: </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[44]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.predicate_4"></a> predicate </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '[' lit_value { ',' lit_value } ']' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> As with BETWEEN clauses, json_query does not accept null values in an IN list,
+ even though PostgreSQL does allow them. Nulls are not sensible in this context
+ because they never match anything. </p><p> </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e1140"></a>Having Clause</h3></div></div></div><p>For the HAVING clause, json_query accepts exactly the same syntax as it accepts for
+ the WHERE clause.</p><p> The other way to create an IN list is to use an explicit
+ <code class="literal">“in”</code> operator with an array of literal values. This format
+ also works for the <code class="literal">“not in”</code> operator: </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[45]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.predicate_5"></a> predicate </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '{' in_operator ';' '[' lit_value [ ',' lit_value ] ']' '}' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[46]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.in_operator"></a> in_operator </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> “in” | “not in” </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> Another kind of IN or NOT IN clause uses a subquery instead of a list of
+ values: </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[47]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.predicate_6"></a> predicate </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '{' in_operator ':' query '}' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> The remaining types of <code class="literal">predicate</code> can put a function call on
+ the left of the comparison, by using a <code class="literal">transform_spec</code> together
+ with a <code class="literal">“value”</code> tag. The <code class="literal">transform_spec</code> is
+ optional, and if you don't need it, the same SQL would in many cases be easier to
+ express by other means. </p><p> The <code class="literal">transform_spec</code> construct was described earlier in
+ connection with the SELECT clause, but here it is again: </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[48]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.transform_spec_1"></a> transform_spec </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%">
+ '”transform”' ':' string ]<br>
+ [ ',' '”result_field” ':' string ]<br>
+ [ ',' '”params” ':' param_list ]
+ </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> As in the SELECT clause, the <code class="literal">“transform”</code> string names the
+ function. The first parameter is always the column identified by the field_name.
+ Additional parameters, if any, appear in the <code class="literal">param_list</code>. The
+ <code class="literal">“result_field”</code> string, if present, identifies one column of a
+ multicolumn return value. </p><p> Here's a second way to compare a value to a literal value (but not to a null
+ value): </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[49]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.predicate_7"></a> predicate </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '{' compare_op ':' '{' '”value”' ':' lit_value<br>
+ [ transform_spec ] '}' '}' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> ...and a way to compare a value to a boolean expression: </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[50]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.predicate_8"></a> predicate </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '{' compare_op ':' '{' '”value”' ':' '{'<br>
+ condition { ',' condition } [ transform_spec ] '}' '}' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> The final predicate is another way to put a function call on the right side
+ of the comparison: </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[51]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.predicate_9"></a> predicate </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '{' compare_op ':' '{' '”value”' ':' '['<br>
+ string { ',' parameter } ']' [ transform_spec ] '}' '}' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> This format is available for the sake of consistency, but offers no advantage
+ over the simpler version. </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e1278"></a>ORDER BY Clause</h3></div></div></div><p> There are two ways to encode an ORDER BY clause: as an array, or as a list.
+ Either may be empty, in which case the generated SQL will not include an ORDER BY
+ clause: </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[52]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.order_by_list_0"></a> order_by_list </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '[' ']' | '{' '}' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> If not empty, the array contains one or more objects, each defining a sort
+ field: </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[53]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.order_by_list_1"></a> order_by_list </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '{' sort_field_def { ',' sort_field_def } '}' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[54]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.sort_field_def"></a> sort_field_def </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '{'<br>
+ '”class”' ':' class_name<br>
+ ',' '”field”' ':' field_name<br>
+ [ ',' '”direction”' ':' lit_value ]<br>
+ [ ',' transform_spec ]<br>
+ '}' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> The <code class="literal">“class”</code> and <code class="literal">“field”</code> entries are
+ required, and of course the field must belong to the class. Furthermore, at
+ least one field from the class must appear in the SELECT clause. </p><p> The <code class="literal">“direction”</code> entry, if present, specifies whether the
+ sort will be ascending or descending for the column in question. If the associated
+ value begins with “D” or “d”, the sort will be descending; otherwise the sort will
+ be ascending. If the value is a number, it will be treated as a string that does not
+ start with “D” or “d”, resulting in an ascending sort. </p><p> In the absence of a <code class="literal">“direction”</code> entry, the sort will be
+ ascending. </p><p> The <code class="literal">transform_spec</code> works here the same way it works in the
+ SELECT clause and the WHERE clause, enabling you to pass the column through a
+ transforming function before the sort: </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[55]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.transform_spec_2"></a> transform_spec </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%">
+ '”transform”' ':' string ]<br>
+ [ ',' '”result_field” ':' string ]<br>
+ [ ',' '”params” ':' param_list ]
+ </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> When the <code class="literal">order_by_list</code> is an object instead of an array,
+ the syntax is less verbose, but also less flexible. The keys for the object are
+ class names: </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[56]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.order_by_list_2"></a> order_by_list </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '{' class_name ':' sort_class_def<br>
+ { ',' class_name ':' sort_class_def } '}' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> Each class must be referenced in the SELECT clause. </p><p> As in the SELECT clause, all the fields for a given class must be grouped
+ together. You can't sort by a column from one table, then a column from a second
+ table, then another column from the first table. If you need this kind of sort,
+ you must encode the ORDER BY clause as an array instead of an object. </p><p> The data associated with a <code class="literal">class_name</code> may be either an array
+ or an object. If an array, it's simply a list of field names, and each field must
+ belong to the class: </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[57]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.sort_class_def_0"></a> sort_class_def </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '[' field_name { ',' field_name } ']' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> With this syntax, the direction of sorting will always be ascending. </p><p> If the data is an object, the keys are field names, and as usual the fields
+ must belong to the class: </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[58]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.sort_class_def_1"></a> sort_class_def </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '{' field_name ':' sort_class_subdef<br>
+ { ',' field_name ':' sort_class_subdef } '}' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> Since the <code class="literal">field_name</code> is the key for the object, it cannot
+ appear more than once. As a result, some kinds of sorts are not possible with this
+ syntax. For example, one might want to sort by UPPER( family_name ), and then by
+ family_name with case unchanged, to make sure that “diBona” comes before “Dibona”.
+ For situations like this, you must encode the ORDER BY clause as an array rather
+ than an object. </p><p> The data associated with each <code class="literal">field_name</code> may take either of
+ two forms. In the simplest case, it's a literal value to specify the direction
+ of sorting: </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[59]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.sort_class_subdef_0"></a> sort_class_subdef </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> lit_value </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> If the literal is a string starting with “D” or “d”, json_query sorts the field
+ in descending order. Otherwise it sorts the field in ascending order. </p><p> In other cases, the <code class="literal">field_name</code> may be paired with an object
+ to specify more details: </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[60]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.sort_class_subdef_1"></a> sort_class_subdef </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '{'<br>
+ [ '”direction”' ':' lit_value ]<br>
+ [ transform_spec ]<br>
+ '}' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p> As before, the value tagged as <code class="literal">“direction”</code> specifies the
+ direction of the sort, depending on the first character. If not otherwise
+ specified, the sort direction defaults to ascending. </p><p> Also as before, the <code class="literal">transform_spec</code> may specify a function
+ through which to pass the column. </p><p> Since both the <code class="literal">“direction”</code> tag and the
+ <code class="literal">transform_spec</code> are optional, the object may be empty: </p><table width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" border="1" class="productionset" summary="EBNF"><tr><td><table border="0" width="99%" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#F5DCB3" class="productionset" summary="EBNF productions"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="3%">[61]</td><td align="right" valign="top" width="10%"><a name="ebnf.sort_class_subdef_2"></a> sort_class_subdef </td><td valign="top" width="5%" align="center"><code>::=</code></td><td valign="top" width="52%"> '{' '}' </td><td align="left" valign="top" width="30%"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table></div></div></body></html>
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